Arirang: The Iconic Korean Folk Song That Echoes a Nation’s Heart and Heritage

Na Un-gyu,  producer of the silent film Arirang.

“Arirang” is a quintessential Korean folk song featuring simple lyrics and a repetitive chorus that includes the word ‘arirang’ or similar sounds. It is a representative folk song widely sung in Korea, throughout the Korean Peninsula, and in ethnic Korean communities abroad. All members of the Korean ethnic group are familiar with and enjoy singing “Arirang,” which is catchy and easy to learn, allowing even foreigners to hum along after hearing it just a few times.

The Meaning of "Arirang"

The etymology of “arirang” is uncertain, with many theories but no definitive meanings. However, the term often appears alongside “pass” in various folk songs. Given Korea’s mountainous terrain, passes held deep emotional significance, symbolizing farewell and longing. The lyrics often express themes of separation and waiting, encapsulating the essence of “Han,” or deep sorrow.

The Lyrics

(Verse 1)

Arirang Arirang Arariyo

Going over to Arirang Pass

Who is abandoning me

Unable to go even half a mile

(Verse 2)

Arirang Arirang Arariyo

Going over to Arirang Pass

A bountiful harvest is coming

This land, a rich harvest is coming

(Verse 3)

Arirang Arirang Arariyo

I'm going over to Arirang Pass

Nature is getting younger

Our lives are getting older

(Verse 4)

Arirang Arirang Arariyo

I'm going over to Arirang Pass

There are many stars in the sky

We have many words in our home

The Creation of the Arirang Korean Folk Song

“Arirang” is also the theme song from the silent film ‘Arirang,’ produced by and starring Na Un-gyu, released in 1926. While it is often referred to as “Bonjo Arirang,” Koreans simply call it “Arirang.” The term “Bonjo Arirang” originated because various versions of the song existed before this particular one was created.

When Na Un-gyu, a young student from Hoeryeong, Hamgyong Province, recalled the melody of “Arirang” sung by workers building the Hoeryeong-Cheongjin railroad, he wrote new lyrics and collaborated with Kim Young-hwan from the Dansungsa Company to compose the music. The song was performed by Kim Yeon-sil, a renowned movie star, theater actress, and singer.

Na Un-gyu envisioned a universal “Arirang” that anyone could sing, capturing nostalgia, emotion, and excitement. The resulting song became the theme of the film and was initially titled “Shin Arirang,” meaning “new Arirang.” Later, it was referred to as “Bonjo Arirang,” denoting it as the central or foundational version of all Arirangs. Following its popularity, several regional variations emerged, including “Jindo Arirang,” “Milyang Arirang,” and others.

Song So-hee, widely known as the 'Traditional Music Girl,' performing Arirang.

Cultural Impact and Legacy

Released during the Japanese occupation of Korea, “Arirang” resonated deeply with the Korean people. Na Un-gyu premiered his film in October 1926 at the Dansungsa Theater in Seoul, where it was a significant box office success and continued to be screened nationwide until the early 1950s.

The film's poignant final scene features the theme song as Youngjin, who killed a robber to protect his sister, is dragged over Arirang Pass by Japanese guards. This moment, accompanied by the song, struck a chord with Koreans suffering under Japanese rule, embedding “Arirang” in their hearts. The suppression of rebellious lyrics before the film's release further fueled the song's popularity.

As “Arirang” became a part of daily life for Koreans, it echoed their experiences of joy and sorrow, especially for those who migrated in search of a better life. Whether in Hawaii, Mexico, or elsewhere, they carried “Arirang” with them, singing it in times of longing and hardship.

A Symbol of Korean Identity

“Arirang” is more than just a song; it represents the cultural identity of Koreans worldwide. Though the basic melody remains consistent, the lyrics can vary greatly, reflecting personal memories and experiences. This has resulted in thousands of versions, making “Arirang” a beloved folk song for approximately 80 million Koreans.

Recognized as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, “Arirang” has gained international acclaim. Its universal appeal was highlighted at the 1989 inter-Korean sports summit when “Bonjo Arirang” was adopted as the unified anthem for both Koreas. This tradition continues, with the song symbolizing shared cultural heritage.

On December 6, 2012, “Arirang” was officially recognized by UNESCO for its cultural significance, followed by its designation as a National Intangible Cultural Property in 2015.

Modern Interpretations

In recent years, “Arirang” has been arranged in various ways, including the well-known orchestral version "Arirang Fantasy" by North Korean artist Choi Sung-hwan, performed by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in 2007. Other adaptations, such as Robert Burnett’s “Homage to Korea,” highlight the song's global potential.

“Arirang” is woven into the fabric of Korean identity, serving as an anthem for Koreans and overseas Koreans alike. I highly encourage foreigners interested in Korean culture to learn and sing this representative folk song—it is a beautiful way to connect with the heart of Korea.